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All About Python

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Topic 1 - Data Types

name = "ibrahim"   # string
age = 20           # integer
height = 5.8       # float
student = True     # boolean

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Topic 2 - Data Structures

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "mango"]           # list
fruits = ("apple", "orange", "mango")           # tuple
fruits = {"apple", "orange", "mango"}           # set
fruits = {0: "apple", 2: "orange", 5: "mango"}  # dictionary

Comparison of Data Structures

Feature	List	Tuple	Set	Dictionary
Mutable	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Allows duplicates	Yes	Yes	No	No duplicate keys
Indexed access	Yes	Yes	No	By key
Add item	`append()`	Not possible	`add()`	`dict[key] = value`
Remove item	`remove()`	Not possible	`remove()`	`del dict[key]`

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Topic 3 - Conditions

temp = 29

if temp > 30:
    print("turn on fan")
else:
    print("turn off fan")

Comparison Operators

Type	Example	Meaning
Equal	`5 == 5`	True if same
Not equal	`5 != 3`	True if different
Greater than	`10 > 2`	True if left is bigger
Less than	`2 < 10`	True if left is smaller
Greater or equal	`5 >= 5`	True if bigger or same
Less or equal	`4 <= 6`	True if smaller or same

Logical Operators

age > 18 and age < 60
city == "Paris" or city == "London"
not is_raining

if-elif-else

if score > 90:
    print("A")
elif score > 80:
    print("B")
else:
    print("C")

Nested if

if age > 18:
    if age < 25:
        print("Young Adult")

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Topic 4 - Loops

For Loop

for i in range(10):
    print(i)  # prints from 0 to 9

While Loop

i = 0

while i < 10:
    print(i)  # prints from 0 to 9
    i += 1

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Topic 5 - Functions

def add(a, b):
    print(a + b)

add(10, 20)
add(2, 5)

Function Arguments

Argument Type	Definition	Example
Positional	`def func(a, b)`	`func(10, 20)`
Keyword	`def func(a, b)`	`func(a=10, b=20)`
Default	`def func(a=5, b=10)`	`func()`
Extra positional	`def func(*args)`	`func(1, 2, 3, 4)`
Extra keyword	`def func(**kwargs)`	`func(name="Ali", age=28)`
Positional-only	`def func(a, b, /)`	`func(10, 20)`
Keyword-only	`def func(*, x, y)`	`func(x=5, y=10)`
Lambda	`lambda x, y: x + y`	`add(3, 5)`
Multiple return	`return a, b`	`x, y = func(3, 5)`
Docstring	`"""Explain here"""`	`help(func)`
Empty function	`pass`	`def func(): pass`

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Topic 6 - Classes

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def what_is_name(self):
        print("name is", self.name)

Data Analysis

NumPy — numerical Python library for mathematical operations on arrays.
Pandas — used to load and manipulate data.
Matplotlib — used for plotting graphs.

Website Making

Flask — a lightweight web application framework.
Django — a comprehensive framework for complex websites.
Streamlit — a fast framework for data-related web applications.

Desktop Applications or GUIs

Tkinter
Turtle
Pygame
PyQt5

Deep Learning

PyTorch
TensorFlow